Disclaimer & Terms of Use

MDnerd is a free open-access medical education (FOAMed) project. All content on this website — including notes, cheat sheets, images, videos, linked resources and any correspondence — is provided for general educational purposes only. It does not constitute medical, professional or clinical advice, and it is not a substitute for the advice, diagnosis or treatment of a registered medical practitioner, nor for formal medical education, supervision or training.

No doctor–patient, therapeutic or professional relationship is created by accessing this website, downloading its materials, or contacting its author. If you have concerns about your own health, consult a registered health practitioner. In an emergency in Australia, call 000.

Content reflects the author’s personal study notes, compiled as a medical student and junior doctor. Despite best efforts, it may contain errors, omissions or information that has become outdated. Medicine changes rapidly, and practice varies between jurisdictions, health services and even individual wards.

Before applying anything found here to clinical practice or patient care, you must independently verify it against current reputable sources — including national guidelines (e.g. Therapeutic Guidelines, RACGP, NSW Health and other state policies), your local health district protocols, hospital formularies, and the direction of your supervising clinicians. Where this website and an authoritative source disagree, the authoritative source always prevails.

All content is provided “as is” and “as available”, without warranty of any kind, express or implied — including any warranty of accuracy, completeness, currency, reliability, merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Nothing on this site is guaranteed to reflect current best practice at the time you read it.

To the maximum extent permitted by law (including the Australian Consumer Law, to the extent it applies), the author, MDnerd and its contributors exclude all liability for any loss, damage, injury, cost or expense — whether direct, indirect, incidental, special or consequential — arising from or in connection with your access to or use of this website, reliance on any of its content, or use of any linked third-party resource. Where liability cannot lawfully be excluded, it is limited to the re-supply of the relevant information.

You are responsible for your own clinical decisions. Users who are students or clinicians remain fully responsible for practising within their scope, under appropriate supervision, and in accordance with the standards of their registration body (e.g. AHPRA / the Medical Board of Australia).

This website links to external websites, question banks, podcasts and apps operated by third parties. These links are provided for convenience only. MDnerd does not control, endorse or accept responsibility for the content, accuracy, privacy practices or availability of any third-party resource. Accessing them is at your own risk and subject to their own terms.

I do not claim ownership of any third-party material (e.g. tables, images, slides, journal figures) that may appear within these resources. All such rights remain with their original owners, and no copyright infringement is intended. Sources referenced across the site include, but are not limited to: AMBOSS, GeekyMedics, ZeroToFinals, Macquarie University, Flaticon, Google Images, Talley & O'Connor, NEJM, RACGP.

MDnerd is a not-for-profit project; no material is used for commercial gain, and any donations go directly towards hosting and maintenance costs. If you are a rights holder and believe material has been used inappropriately, please contact me and it will be amended or removed promptly.

Original content on this site may be shared freely for personal, non-commercial educational use with attribution. It may not be sold or repackaged commercially.

MDnerd is an independent personal project. It is not affiliated with, nor endorsed by, any university, hospital, health service, college or publisher mentioned on this site. Views expressed are the author’s own.

This disclaimer may be updated from time to time without notice. Continued use of the website after changes are posted constitutes acceptance of the revised terms.

Last updated: 17 July 2026